The Actor Model

Actors [1] provide a flexible model of concurrency for open distributed systems. Actors can be used to model traditional functional, procedural, or object oriented systems. Actors are independent, concurrent entities that communicate by exchanging messages asynchronously. Each actor encapsulates a state and a thread of control that manipulates this state. In response to a message, an actor may perform one of the following actions (see Figure 2.1):

• Alter its current state, possibly changing its future behavior.
• Send messages to other actors asynchronously.
• Create new actors with a specified behavior.
• Migrate to another computing host.

Figure 2.1: Actors are reactive entities. In response to a message, an actor can (1) change its internal state, (2) send messages to peer actors, (3) create new actors, and/or (4) migrate to another computing host.

Actors receive messages not necessarily in the same order that they were sent. All the received messages are initially buffered in the receiving actor's message box before being processed. Communication between actors is weakly fair: an actor infinitely often ready to receive a message will eventually get it. An actor can interact with another actor only if it has a reference to it. Actor references are first class entities. They can be communicated in messages to allow for arbitrary actor communication topologies. Because actors can create arbitrarily new actors, the model supports unbounded concurrency. Furthermore, because actors only communicate through asynchronous message passing, in particular because there is no shared memory, actor systems are highly reconfigurable.